Gall bladder symptoms
What and where is the gall bladder?
The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ on the underside of the liver that is used to store bile. Bile is made in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder until it is needed to help the digestion of fat.
What is gallbladder disease?
Gallbladder disease is a common condition that affects mainly women, although men can suffer too.
The gall bladder symptoms vary widely from discomfort to severe pain which mainly begins after food. In severe cases the patient can suffer from jaundice, nausea and fever. The most common reason for gallbladder disease is gallstones.
Gastritis and gastroenteritis
GASTRITIS/GASTROENTERITIS
a. Acute Gastritis is the irritation and inflammation of the stomach’s mucous lining. Gastritis may be caused by a chemical, thermal, or bacterial insult. For example, drugs such as alcohol, aspirin, and chemotherapeutic agents may cause an attack of gastritis. Likewise, hot, spicy, rough, or contaminated foods may bring about an attack. Management involves symptomatic treatment measures after removal of the causative agent.
b. Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, is generally caused by bacteria and viruses. Other causes include parasites, food allergens, drug reactions to antibiotics, and ingestion of toxic plants. Treatment is the same as for gastritis, with the addition of anti-microbial drugs for severe cases.
c. Signs and symptoms of both include pain, cramping, belching, nausea, and vomiting. Severe cases may include hematemesis. Diarrhea may occur with gastroenteritis.
d. Nursing implications.
heart murmur
What causes a heart murmur?
Functional heart murmur
Many heart murmurs are harmless and referred to as innocent or functional. They are caused when blood rushes through the heart quickly during normal function while no heart disease may exist. There may be an underlying medical condition that can lead to an innocent murmur. These may include situations where the heart beats more quickly such as fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism, and pregnancy.
Congenital heart murmurs
diverticulitis
Diverticulitis
diverticulitis is small, bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine (diverticulosis) that become inflamed or infected. Most often, these pouches are in the large intestine (colon).
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
No one knows exactly what causes the sacs, or pouches of diverticulosis to form. Eating a low-fiber diet is one of the most likely causes.
People who eat mostly processed food, as many Americans eat, do not get enough fiber in their diet. Processed foods include white rice, white bread, most breakfast cereals, crackers, and pretzels.
As a result, constipation and hard stools are more likely to occur – causing people to strain when passing stools. This increases the pressure in the colon or intestines and may cause these pouches to form.
Diverticulosis is very common. It is found in more than half of Americans over age 60. Only a small number of these people will develop diverticulitis.
Diverticulitis is caused by small pieces of stool (feces) that become trapped in these pouches, causing infection or inflammation.
hemroids
Hemroids (US English) or haemorrhoids (UK 
/ˈhɛmərɔɪdz/), are vascular structures in the anal canal which help with stool control.[1][2] They become pathological or piles[3] when swollen or inflamed. In their physiological state they act as a cushion composed of arterio-venous channels and connective tissue that aid the passage of stool. The symptoms of pathological Hemroids depend on the type present. Internal Hemroids usually present with painless rectal bleeding while external hemorrhoids present with pain in the area of the anus.
Recommended treatment consists of increasing fiber intake, oral fluids to maintain hydration, NSAID analgesics, sitz baths, and rest. Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures.
kidney infection symptoms
Symptoms of kidney infection
If you have a kidney infection
Make sure that you get plenty of rest. A kidney infection can be physically draining, even if you’re normally healthy.
It may take up to two weeks before you’re fit enough to return to work.
The symptoms of a kidney infection include:
- pain in your side
- pain and discomfort in your lower Kidney infection symptoms back and around your genitals
- high temperature (it may reach 39.5ºC or 103.1ºF)
- shivering
- chills
- feeling very weak
- loss of appetite
- feeling sick
- being sick
- diarrhoea
You can Kidney infection also have other symptoms if you also have cystitis or urethritis (an infection of the urethra). These additional symptoms may include:
- pain or a burning sensation during urination
- the need to urinate frequently or urgently
- feeling that you’re unable to urinate fully
- cloudy, bloody or bad smelling urine
anxiety symptoms
We all know what an attack of anxiety feels like. anxiety symptoms Your heart pounds before a big presentation or a tough exam. You get butterflies in your stomach during a blind date. You worry and fret over family problems or feel jittery at the prospect of asking the boss for a raise. These are all natural reactions. However, if worries, fears, or anxiety attacks seem overwhelming and are preventing you from living your life the way you’d like to, you may be suffering from an anxiety disorder.
Fortunately, there are many anxiety treatments and self-help strategies that can help you reduce your anxiety symptoms and take back control of your life.
Appendicitis Symptoms
What Is An Appendix?
The appendix is a small and thin finger like pouch, attached to the large intestine; it is found on the lower right side of the abdomen. There are many theories revolving around the actual use and benefit of this organ. The real reason why it is present in our body has been under scrutiny by scientists for ages. Appendicitis Symptoms The appendix had been considered to be a useless organ for a long time, but now various factors imply that this is an organ where good bacteria reside, to help fight against infection. The appendix seems to be an integral but unexplored part of our immune system. Other scientists
fibromyalgia symptoms
What Fibromyalgia Feels Like
Fibromyalgia produces widespread pain, disturbed sleep, and exhaustion from head to toe.1 Although the muscles hurt everywhere, they are not the only cause of your discomfort. Instead, the diffuse, body-wide symptoms are greatly magnified by malfunctions in the way the nervous system processes pain.2,3
Regional muscle pain also occurs in the majority of people with fibromyalgia symptoms.4 Patients experience firm knots in their muscles, often causing restricted movement and radiating pain.5 Recent research has found that 90 percent of the tender points used to diagnose fibro are actually myofascial trigger points.6
lyme disease symptoms
lyme disease symptoms signs and symptoms vary widely because Lyme disease can affect various parts of the body. Not everyone with the disease will have all of the signs and symptoms. But in general, Lyme disease can cause:
Rash. A small, red bump may appear within a few days to a month, usually at the site of the tick bite — often in your groin or belt area or behind your knee. The bump may be warm to the touch and mildly tender. Over the next few days, the redness expands, forming a rash that may be as small
early pregnancy symptoms
By popular request, here is our early pregnancy symptoms checklist. One web page that explains common early pregnancy signs and symptoms, including the very earliest signs of pregnancy.
Remember… when in doubt about the early pregnancy symptoms, be sure to do a home pregnancy test. To be absolutely sure, have a pregnancy blood test done at your doctor’s office. Be sure to save this page to your favorites so you can go online at any time and look up the many early signs of pregnancy, all in one place. And feel free to email your friends and tell them about this page too.
irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that leads to abdominal pain and cramping, changes in bowel movements, and other symptoms.
IBS is not the same as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In IBS, the structure of the bowel is not abnormal.
It is not clear why patients develop IBS. Sometimes it occurs after an infection of the intestines. This is called postinfectious IBS. There may also be other triggers.
The intestine is connected to the brain. Signals go back and forth between the bowel and brain. These signals affect bowel function and symptoms. The nerves can become more active during stress, causing the intestines to be more sensitive and squeeze (contract) more.
IBS can occur at any age, but it often begins in the teen years or early adulthood. It is twice as common in women as in men.
About 1 in 6 people in the U.S. have symptoms of IBS. It is the most common intestinal problem that causes patients to be referred to a bowel specialist (gastroenterologist).
celiac disease
Celiac disease – sprue
celiac disease is a condition that damages the lining of the small intestine and prevents it from absorbing parts of food that are important for staying healthy. The damage is due to a reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.
The exact cause of celiac disease is unknown. The lining of the intestines contains areas called villi, which help absorb nutrients. When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products that contain gluten, their immune system reacts by damaging these villi.
This damage affects the ability to absorb nutrients properly. A person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food he or she eats.
menopause symptoms
Most women have menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep issues, and changes in sexual interest or response. Learn more about signs that signal menopause and when your symptoms may mean you want to call a doctor.
The most frequent symptom of perimenopause and menopause, hot flashes happen to more then two out of three North American women. How can you turn down the heat? Does soy, or herbs like black cohosh, help? Find out.
How do you know if you’ve entered menopause? Here are the signs and symptoms to watch for.
If your sex drive is sputtering, learn how you can rev it back up.
Is it normal for your sex life to change with age? What’s normal, anyway? Find out.
Herpes zoster
Herpes zoster (or simply zoster), commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness chickenpox which generally occurs in children and young people. Once an episode of chickenpox has resolved, the virus is not eliminated from the body but can go on to cause shingles—an illness with very different symptoms—often many years after the initial infection. Herpes zoster is not the same disease as herpes simplex despite the name similarity, which is due to both the varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus belonging to the same viral subfamily (Alphaherpesvirinae).
Varicella Herpes zoster virus can become latent in the nerve cell bodies and less frequently in non-neuronal satellite cells of dorsal root, cranial nerve or autonomic ganglion,[1] without causing any symptoms.[2] Years or decades after a chickenpox infection, the virus may break out of nerve cell bodies and travel down nerve axons to cause viral infection of the skin in the region of the nerve. The virus may spread from one or more ganglia along nerves of an affected segment and infect the corresponding dermatome (an area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve) causing a painful rash.[3][4] Although the rash usually heals within two to four weeks, some sufferers experience residual nerve pain for months or years, a condition called postherpetic neuralgia. Exactly how the virus remains latent in the body, and subsequently re-activates is not understood.[1]
Interstitial Cystitis
Cystitis is the term used for inflammation of the bladder. In most cases, inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection. Cystitis can cause pain and frequent urination, or more serious problems if the infection travels to the kidneys.
Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and often in the lower back as well. Frequent urination during the night may also occur. The urine may look cloudy and contain visible blood.
In older people, cystitis may cause no symptoms and only be discovered when urine tests are performed for other reasons.
Cystitis may occur as a reaction to certain drugs, radiation therapy or irritants, such as hygiene products, spermicidal jellies or long-term use of a catheter.
Antibiotics are used in the treatment of bacterial cystitis. Treatment for non-bacterial cystitis will depend on the underlying cause.
What is the difference between this and interstitial cystitis?
Interstitial cystitis is painful inflammation of the bladder without evidence of infection. It is usually chronic and the cause is unknown. It typically develops in middle-aged women. Symptoms include an urgent need to pass urine, both during the day and at night. Usually only very small amounts of urine are passed each time.
Pressure, pain and tenderness may be felt around the bladder, pelvis and perineum. There may be pain during sexual intercourse and for women symptoms may get worse before their menstrual period. Stress may also make the symptoms worse. Over time, the inflammation may cause the bladder to shrink.
While the signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis may resemble those of a chronic urinary tract infection, urine cultures are usually free of bacteria.
Can interstitial cystitis be treated?
As no one treatment works for everyone, various treatments or combinations of treatments may have to be tried before symptoms are relieved.
Painkillers, tricyclic anti-depressants and other drugs that work on the muscles of the bladder may help.
Some sufferers respond to an oral medication that restores the inner surface of the bladder, which protects the bladder wall from substances in urine that could irritate it.
Others get relief when a drug is instilled directly into the bladder. The use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (Tens), which delivers mild electrical pulses, may also relieve pelvic pain.
Bladder distention treatment using water or gas to stretch the bladder can also help. In rare cases, surgery may be required.
Source: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2011/0816/1224302518159.html
